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Ammonium perchlorate - Wikipedia

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate.

Size and Shape of Ammonium Perchlorate and their Influence on ...

Composite solid propellant is prepared using tri-modal Ammonium perchlorate (AP) containing coarse, fine and ultrafine fractions of AP with average particle size (APS) 340, 40 and 5 μm...

Effect of aluminum morphology on thermal decomposition of ammonium ...

The grinding media are stainless steel ball with the diameter of 5 mm. The filling content of grinding media is controlled within 65%. The grinding time of Al powder is 2.5 h (Al-2) and 7 h (Al-3), respectively. The Al-1 is processed about 200 g in each batch and under the protection of argon. Preparation of AP/Al mixtures

In situ synthesis of copper stearate/ammonium perchlorate shell–core ...

Copper stearate/ammonium perchlorate (CS/AP) shell–core composite was prepared by in situ synthesis and characterized to sample by SEM and EDS, it shows that CS is evenly dispersed on the surface of AP and forms a shell–core structure.

Prediction of Particle Size of Ammonium Perchlorate during ...

Ammonium perchlorate has been pulverised by an impact mill (air classifier mill) to studythe influence of different operating parameters, viz., effect of mill speed, classifier speed, feedrate, and damper opening (suction rate) on the particle size. Further based on the differentgrinding parameters, an empirical equation has been developed and used for the prediction ofparticle size.

Technical Fact Sheet - Perchlorate - US EPA

Ammonium Perchlorate Sodium Perchlorate Potassium Perchlorate Perchloric Acid Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Numbers . . . : Physical Description (physical state at room temperature) White orthorhombic crystal : White orthorhombic deliquescent crystal .

Operational Implementation of Ammmonium Perchlorate Biodegradation - CLU-IN

on 1000 ppm ammonium perchlorate, the feed was switched to a 10 % brine feed. The 10% total dissolved solids in this effluent. on was necessary due to unex 5.12 Effluent Analysis. The perchlorate used for inoculation and startup was prepared from a 10-12% ammonium perchlorate solution from a Minuteman stage 2 propellant washout so as to

On the mechanism of the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. | AIAA ...

Thermal depolarization in ammonium perchlorate crystals doped with sulfate and chromate ions. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 1. Burning rate catalysts for composite solid propellants. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 30. Nucleation mechanism during low-temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.

Preparation of Fine Ammonium Perchlorate by Employing ... - ResearchGate

Ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐based composite propellant is the most widely used solid propellant. Fine AP is required to obtain a propellant with a high burning rate. To prepare fine AP, an...

Technical Fact Sheet – Perchlorate - US EPA

play an important role in regulating metabolism Short-term exposure to high doses of ammonium, and are critical for normal growth and sodium or potassium perchlorate may cause eye, development in fetuses, infants and young skin and respiratory tract irritation, coughing, children. Perchlorate can interfere with iodide nausea, vomiting and diar...

grinding of ammonium per chlorate course - cementballmill.nl

Hazards Testing of Ammonium Perchlorate Defense Patent US Method of making ultra fine ammonium. BACKGROUND Ammonium perchlorate is an oxidizer ingredient UN Class 51 used in the additional shearing or grinding might have occurred Sampling A method of making ultra fine ammonium perchlorate particles by spraying an In addition grinding is a relatively expensive procedure and it has not been It ...

Preparation of Nano-Cu-Fe Composite Metal Oxides via a Mechanical ...

ABSTRACT. In this article, a series of nano-Cu-Fe composite metal oxides (nano CuO/Fe 2 O 3), with different molar ratios of CuO/Fe 2 O 3 (1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5, 1:0.25), were prepared in large-scale by mechanical grinding. The microstructures, surface elements and morphologies of samples are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray photoelectron ...

We've Got (Rocket) Chemistry, Part 2 - NASA

When it burns, oxygen from the ammonium perchlorate combines with aluminum to produce aluminum oxide, aluminum chloride, water vapor and nitrogen gas – and lots of energy. This reaction heats the inside of the solid rocket boosters to more than 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit, causing the water vapor and nitrogen to rapidly expand. Just like in the ...

Effect of Ammonium Perchlorate Particle Size on Flow, Ballistic, and ...

Effect of Ammonium Perchlorate Particle Size on Burn Rate and Mechanical Properties of Composite Propellant 336. 4. Results and Discussion 336 4.1. Ammonium Perchlorate Powder Physical Property Characterization 337 4.1.1. Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 337. 4.1.2. Measurement of Moisture Content 340. 4.1.3. Measurement of Density ...

Rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of CeO

Rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of CeO 2 octahedra with mixed valence states and their catalytic activity for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate J. Shi, H. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Ren, H. Sun and B. Lv, Inorg. Chem. Front., 2019, 6, 1735 DOI: 10.1039/C9QI00362B

Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN): Providing information ...

Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN): Providing information ...

Ammonium perchlorate - Sciencemadness Wiki

Ammonium chloride. Ammonium chlorate. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references. Ammonium perchlorate or AP is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO4, a white solid which is a powerful oxidizer, widely used as rocket propellant.

Insight into the catalytic thermal decomposition mechanism of ammonium ...

Copper oxide (CuO) is an attractive burn rate modifier for composite solid propellant based on ammonium perchlorate (AP). However, the mechanism of catalytic decomposition of AP in the presence of CuO is still uncertain. Amount of gaseous products at various decomposition temperatures of AP in the presence and absence of CuO is lacking.

Thermal Behavior and Thermolysis Mechanisms of Ammonium Perchlorate ...

Several transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine (TAG) nitrate, TAG-Ni, TAG-Co, graphene oxide (GO)/TAG-Ni (GT-Ni), GO/TAG-Co (GT-Co), and GO/ TAG-Cu (GT-Cu) were prepared using GO as a stabilizer. It has been shown that these complexes are promising energetic catalysts for decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), which was uniformly coated with the mentioned catalysts. The ...

We've Got (Rocket) Chemistry, Part 2 - NASA

Ammonium perchlorate, the salt of perchloric acid and ammonia, is a powerful oxidizer (read: majorly explosive). In the boosters, the aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate are held together by a binder, polybutadiene acrylonitrile, or PBAN. The mixture, with the consistency of a rubber eraser, is then packed into a steel case.

Nanomaterials | Free Full-Text | Nanometer Ammonium Perchlorate and ...

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) are the most commonly used oxidizers applied in solid propellants [ 1, 2, 3 ]. In addition to their use in propellants, AP and AN are also employed as oxygen-enriched ingredients in explosives and pyrotechnics [ 4, 5, 6 ].

Effect of crystallization parameters and presence of surfactant on ...

Ammonium perchlorate is an exceptional oxidizer in composite solid rocket propellant formulations. Crystallization is the most critical step in the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate, which determines the size, shape, morphological characteristics, crystal strength, grinding characteristics, and thermal characteristics of the crystals.

Aluminum and Ammonium Perchlorate - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Aluminum and Ammonium Perchlorate Aluminum reacts rapidly with ammonium perchlorate, NH 4 ClO 4 . Let's look at the reaction and then write a balanced equation.

Burning Rate Characteristics of Ammonium Perchloarte-Based Composite ...

Morphology of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of ethylene glycol as an additive: a first principle study. 1 January 2019 | CrystEngComm, Vol. 21, No. 48. Unsteady chemical kinetics behavior of AP/HTPB propellant with micro-scale model. 26 July 2018 | Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 190, No. 12.

Ammonium perchlorate - Sciencemadness Wiki

Ammonium perchlorate is harmful if ingested or inhaled. AP is a strong oxidizer and may explode if heated in the presence of a fuel. Storage AP should be kept in plastic or glass bottles, away from any combustible and flammable materials. Disposal Ammonium perchlorate can be destroyed by mixing it with a fuel and carefully burn the mixture.

Effect of Ammonium Perchlorate Particle Size on Flow, Ballistic, and ...

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) as oxidizer, aluminum (Al) as metal additive, and HTPB as binder-cum-fuel are the major ingredients of CP. Oxidizer and metal additive are dispersed in the binder and polyurethane reaction converts this highly loaded slurry into a rigid mass.

Deflagration rate, surface structure, and subsurface profile of self ...

Numerical simulation of unsteady planar ammonium perchlorate flames including detailed gas phase chemistry and fluid–structure interaction Comptes Rendus Mécanique, Vol. 341, No. 1-2 The diffusion flame structure of an ammonium perchlorate based composite propellant at elevated pressures

Size and Shape of Ammonium Perchlorate and their Influence on ...

Composite solid propellant is prepared using tri-modal Ammonium perchlorate (AP) containing coarse, fine and ultrafine fractions of AP with average particle size (APS) 340, 40 and 5 μm ...

Perchlorate: Problems, Detection, and Solutions - ScienceDirect

Ammonium perchlorate, used in solid rocket engine fuels, has a limited shelf life and must periodically be replaced. Before 1997, perchlorate could not be readily detected in groundwater at concentrations below 100 μg/L, until the California Department of Health Services developed an acceptable analytical method that lowered the detection ...